| Options dealers and commodities traders. These rules do not apply
to options dealers and commodities traders. How to report. Use Form
6781, Gains and Losses From Section 1256 Contracts and Straddles, to report
conversion transactions. See the instructions for lines 11 and 13 of Form 6781.
Commodity Futures
A commodity futures contract is a standardized, exchange-traded
contract for the sale or purchase of a fixed amount of a commodity at a future date
for a fixed price.
If the contract is a regulated futures contract, the rules described earlier under Section
1256 Contracts Marked To Market apply to it.
The termination of a commodity futures contract generally results in capital gain or
loss unless the contract is a hedging transaction.
Hedging transaction. A futures
contract that is a hedging transaction generally produces ordinary gain or loss. A
futures contract is a hedging transaction if you enter into the contract in the ordinary
course of your business primarily to manage the risk of interest rate or price changes or
currency fluctuations on borrowings, ordinary property, or ordinary obligations.
(Generally, ordinary property or obligations are those that cannot produce capital gain or
loss under any circumstances.) For example, the offset or exercise of a futures contract
that protects against price changes in your business inventory results in an ordinary gain
or loss.
For more information about hedging transactions, see section 1.1221-2 of the
regulations. Also, see Hedging Transactions under Section 1256 Contracts
Marked to Market, earlier.
 If you have
numerous transactions in the commodity futures market during the year, the burden of proof
is on you to show which transactions are hedging transactions. Clearly identify any
hedging transactions on your books and records before the end of the day you entered into
the transaction. It may be helpful to have separate brokerage accounts for your hedging
and nonhedging transactions. For specific requirements concerning identification of
hedging transactions and the underlying item, items, or aggregate risk that is being
hedged, see section 1.1221-2(f) of the regulations.
Gains From Certain Constructive Ownership Transactions
If you have a gain from a constructive ownership transaction entered
into after July 11, 1999, involving a financial asset (discussed later) and the
gain normally would be treated as long-term capital gain, all or part of the gain may be
treated instead as ordinary income. In addition, if any gain is treated as ordinary
income, your tax is increased by an interest charge.
Constructive ownership transactions. The following are constructive
ownership transactions.
- A notional principal contract in which you have the right to receive substantially all
of the investment yield on a financial asset and you are obligated to reimburse
substantially all of any decline in value of the financial asset.
- A forward or futures contract to acquire a financial asset.
- The holding of a call option and writing of a put option on a financial asset at
substantially the same strike price and maturity date.
This provision does not apply if all the positions are marked to market. Marked to
market rules for section 1256 contracts are discussed in detail under Section 1256
Contracts Marked to Market, earlier.
Financial asset. A financial asset, for this purpose, is
any equity interest in a pass-through entity. Pass-through entities include partnerships,
S corporations, trusts, regulated investment companies, and real estate investment trusts.
Amount of ordinary income. Long-term capital gain is treated as
ordinary income to the extent it is more than the net underlying long-term capital
gain. The net underlying long-term capital gain is the amount of net capital gain
you would have realized if you acquired the asset for its fair market value on the date
the constructive ownership transaction was opened, and sold the asset for its fair market
value on the date the transaction was closed. If you do not establish the amount of net
underlying long-term capital gain by clear and convincing evidence, it is treated as zero.
More information. For more information, see section 1260 of the
Internal Revenue Code.
Losses on Section 1244
(Small Business) Stock
You can deduct as an ordinary loss, rather than as a capital loss, a
loss on the sale, trade, or worthlessness of section 1244 stock. Report the loss on
Form 4797, Sales of Business Property, line 10.
Any gain on section 1244 stock is a capital gain if the stock is a capital asset in
your hands. Do not offset gains against losses that are within the ordinary loss limit,
explained later in this discussion, even if the transactions are in stock of the same
company. Report the gain on Schedule D of Form 1040.
If you must figure a net operating loss, any ordinary loss from the sale of section
1244 stock is a business loss.
Ordinary loss limit. The amount that you can deduct as an ordinary
loss is limited to $50,000 each year. On a joint return the limit is $100,000, even if
only one spouse has this type of loss. If your loss is $110,000 and your spouse has no
loss, you can deduct $100,000 as an ordinary loss on a joint return. The remaining $10,000
is a capital loss.
Section 1244 (small business) stock. This is stock that was issued for money or property (other than stock and
securities) in a domestic small business corporation. During its 5 most recent tax
years before the loss, this corporation must have derived more than 50% of its gross
receipts from other than royalties, rents, dividends, interest, annuities, and gains from
sales and trades of stocks or securities. If the corporation was in existence for at least
1 year, but less than 5 years, the 50% test applies to the tax years ending before the
loss. If the corporation was in existence less than 1 year, the 50% test applies to the
entire period the corporation was in existence before the day of the loss. However, if the
corporation's deductions (other than the net operating loss and dividends received
deductions) were more than its gross income during this period, this 50% test does not
apply.
The corporation must have been largely an operating company for ordinary loss treatment
to apply.
If the stock was issued before July 19, 1984, the stock must be common stock. If issued
after July 18, 1984, the stock may be either common or preferred. For more information
about the requirements of a small business corporation or the qualifications of section
1244 stock, see section 1244 of the Internal Revenue Code and its regulations.
The stock must be issued to the person taking the loss. You must be
the original owner of the stock to be allowed ordinary loss treatment. To claim a
deductible loss on stock issued to your partnership, you must have been a partner when the
stock was issued and have remained so until the time of the loss. You add your
distributive share of the partnership loss to any individual section 1244 stock loss you
may have before applying the ordinary loss limit.
Stock distributed by partnership. If your partnership
distributes the stock to you, you cannot treat any later loss on that stock as an ordinary
loss.
Stock sold through underwriter. Stock sold through an
underwriter is not section 1244 stock unless the underwriter only acted as a selling agent
for the corporation.
Stock dividends and reorganizations. Stock you receive as a stock
dividend qualifies as section 1244 stock if:
- You receive it from a small business corporation in which you own stock, and
- The stock you own meets the requirements when the stock dividend is distributed.
If you trade your section 1244 stock for new stock in the same corporation in a
reorganization that qualifies as a recapitalization or that is only a change in identity,
form, or place of organization, the new stock is section 1244 stock if the stock you trade
meets the requirements when the trade occurs.
If you hold section 1244 stock and other stock in the same corporation, not all of the
stock you receive as a stock dividend or in a reorganization will qualify as section 1244
stock. Only that part based on the section 1244 stock you hold will qualify.
Example. Your basis for 100 shares of X common stock is $1,000.
These shares qualify as section 1244 stock. If, as a nontaxable stock dividend, you
receive 50 more shares of common stock, the basis of which is determined from the 100
shares you own, the 50 shares are also section 1244 stock.
If you also own stock in the corporation that is not section 1244 stock when you
receive the stock dividend, you must divide the shares you receive as a dividend between
the section 1244 stock and the other stock. Only the shares from the former can be section
1244 stock.
Contributed property. To determine ordinary loss on section 1244
stock you receive in a trade for property, you have to reduce the basis of the stock if:
- The adjusted basis (for figuring loss) of the property, immediately before the trade,
was more than its fair market value, and
- The basis of the stock is determined by the basis of the property.
Reduce the basis of the stock by the difference between the adjusted basis of the
property and its fair market value at the time of the trade. You reduce the basis only to
figure the ordinary loss. Do not reduce the basis of the stock for any other purpose.
Example. You transfer property with an adjusted basis of $1,000
and a fair market value of $250 to a corporation for its section 1244 stock. The basis of
your stock is $1,000, but to figure the ordinary loss under these rules, the basis of your
stock is $250 ($1,000 minus $750). If you later sell the section 1244 stock for $200, your
$800 loss is an ordinary loss of $50 and a capital loss of $750.
Contributions to capital. If the basis of your section 1244 stock
has increased, through contributions to capital or otherwise, you must treat this increase
as applying to stock that is not section 1244 stock when you figure an ordinary loss on
its sale.
Example. You buy 100 shares of section 1244 stock for $10,000.
You are the original owner. You later make a $2,000 contribution to capital that increases
the total basis of the 100 shares to $12,000. You then sell the 100 shares for $9,000 and
have a loss of $3,000. You can deduct only $2,500 ($3,000 × $10,000/$12,000) as an
ordinary loss under these rules. The remaining $500 is a capital loss.
Recordkeeping. You must keep records sufficient to show your stock
qualifies as section 1244 stock. Your records must also distinguish your section
1244 stock from any other stock you own in the corporation.
Losses on Small Business Investment Company Stock
A small business investment company (SBIC) is one that is licensed
and operated under the Small Business Investment Act of 1958.
If you are an investor in SBIC stock, you can deduct as an ordinary loss, rather than a
capital loss, a loss from the sale, trade, or worthlessness of that stock. A gain from the
sale or trade of that stock is a capital gain. Do not offset your gains and losses, even
if they are on stock of the same company.
How to report. You report this
type of ordinary loss on line 10, Part II, of Form 4797. In addition to the
information required by the form, you must include the name and address of the company
that issued the stock. Report a capital gain from the sale of SBIC stock on Schedule D of
Form 1040.
Short sale. If you close a short sale of SBIC stock
with other SBIC stock that you bought only for that purpose, any loss
you have on the sale is a capital loss. See Short Sales, later in this
chapter, for more information.
Holding Period
If you sold or traded investment property, you must determine your
holding period for the property. Your holding period determines whether any capital
gain or loss was a short-term or a long-term capital gain or loss.
Long-term or short-term. If
you hold investment property more than 1 year, any capital gain or loss is
a long-term capital gain or loss. If you hold the property 1
year or less, any capital gain or loss is a short-term capital
gain or loss.
To determine how long you held the investment property, begin counting on the date
after the day you acquired the property. The day you disposed of the property is part of
your holding period.
Example. If you bought investment property on February 5, 2001,
and sold it on February 5, 2002, your holding period is not more than 1 year and you have
a short-term capital gain or loss. If you sold it on February 6, 2002, your holding period
is more than 1 year and you have a long-term capital gain or loss.
Securities traded on an established market. For securities traded on an established securities market, your holding period
begins the day after the trade date you bought the securities, and
ends on the trade date you sold them.
 Do not confuse
the trade date with the settlement date, which is the date by which the stock must be
delivered and payment must be made.
Example. You are a cash method, calendar year taxpayer. You sold
stock at a gain on December 27, 2002. According to the rules of the stock exchange, the
sale was closed by delivery of the stock 3 trading days after the sale, on January 2,
2003. You received payment of the sale price on that same day. Report your gain on your
2002 return, even though you received the payment in 2003. The gain is long term or short
term depending on whether you held the stock more than 1 year. Your holding period ended
on December 27. If you had sold the stock at a loss, you would also report it on your 2002
return.
U.S. Treasury notes and bonds. The
holding period of U.S. Treasury notes and bonds sold at auction on the basis of
yield starts the day after the Secretary of the Treasury, through news releases, gives
notification of acceptance to successful bidders. The holding period of U.S. Treasury
notes and bonds sold through an offering on a subscription basis at a specified yield
starts the day after the subscription is submitted.
Automatic investment service. In
determining your holding period for shares bought by the bank or other agent, full shares
are considered bought first and any fractional shares are considered bought last.
Your holding period starts on the day after the bank's purchase date. If a share was
bought over more than one purchase date, your holding period for that share is a split
holding period. A part of the share is considered to have been bought on each date that
stock was bought by the bank with the proceeds of available funds.
Nontaxable trades. If you
acquire investment property in a trade for other investment property and your basis for
the new property is determined, in whole or in part, by your basis in the old
property, your holding period for the new property begins on the day following the date
you acquired the old property.
Property received as a gift. If
you receive a gift of property and your basis is determined by the donor's adjusted basis,
your holding period is considered to have started on the same day the donor's
holding period started.
If your basis is determined by the fair market value of the property, your holding
period starts on the day after the date of the gift.
Inherited property. If you
inherit investment property, your capital gain or loss on any later disposition of that
property is treated as a long-term capital gain or loss. This is true regardless of
how long you actually held the property.
Real property bought. To figure how long you have held real property
bought under an unconditional contract, begin counting on the day after you received title
to it or on the day after you took possession of it and assumed the burdens and privileges
of ownership, whichever happened first. However, taking delivery or possession of real
property under an option agreement is not enough to start the holding period. The holding
period cannot start until there is an actual contract of sale. The holding period of the
seller cannot end before that time.
Real property repossessed. If
you sell real property but keep a security interest in it, and then later repossess the
property under the terms of the sales contract, your holding period for a later
sale includes the period you held the property before the original sale and the period
after the repossession. Your holding period does not include the time between the original
sale and the repossession. That is, it does not include the period during which the first
buyer held the property.
Stock dividends. The holding
period for stock you received as a taxable stock dividend begins on the date of
distribution.
The holding period for new stock you received as a nontaxable stock dividend begins on
the same day as the holding period of the old stock. This rule also applies to stock
acquired in a spin-off, which is a distribution of stock or securities in
a controlled corporation.
Nontaxable stock rights. Your
holding period for nontaxable stock rights begins on the same day as the holding period of
the underlying stock. The holding period for stock acquired through the exercise of
stock rights begins on the date the right was exercised.
Section 1256 contracts. Gains
or losses on section 1256 contracts open at the end of the year, or terminated during the
year, are treated as 60% long term and 40% short term, regardless of how long the
contracts were held. See Section 1256 Contracts Marked to Market, earlier.
Option exercised. Your holding
period for property you acquire when you exercise an option begins the day after you
exercise the option.
Wash sales. Your holding
period for substantially identical stock or securities you acquire in a wash sale includes
the period you held the old stock or securities.
Qualified small business stock. Your holding period for stock you acquired in a tax-free rollover of gain from
a sale of qualified small business stock, described later, includes the period you
held the old stock.
Commodity futures. Futures
transactions in any commodity subject to the rules of a board of trade or commodity
exchange are long term if the contract was held for more than 6 months.
Your holding period for a commodity received in satisfaction of a commodity futures
contract, other than a regulated futures contract subject to Internal Revenue Code section
1256, includes your holding period for the futures contract if you held the contract as a
capital asset.
Securities futures contract. Your holding period for a security
received in satisfaction of a securities futures contract, other than one that is a
section 1256 contract, includes your holding period for the futures contract if you held
the contract as a capital asset.
Your holding period for a security received in satisfaction of a securities futures
contract to sell, other than one that is a section 1256 contract, is determined by the
rules that apply to short sales, discussed later under Short Sales.
Loss on mutual fund or REIT stock held 6 months or less. If you hold stock in a regulated investment
company (commonly called a mutual fund) or real estate
investment trust (REIT) for 6 months or less and then sell it at a loss
(other than under a periodic liquidation plan), special rules may apply.
Capital gain distributions received. The loss (after
reduction for any exempt-interest dividends you received, as explained next) is treated as
a long-term capital loss up to the total of any capital gain distributions you received
and your share of any undistributed capital gains. Any remaining loss is short-term
capital loss.
Exempt-interest dividends on mutual fund stock. If you
received exempt-interest dividends on the stock, at least part of your loss is disallowed.
You can deduct only the amount of loss that is more than the exempt-interest dividends.
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