Nonbusiness Bad Debts
If someone owes you money that you cannot collect, you have a bad
debt. You may be able to deduct the amount owed to you when you figure your tax for
the year the debt becomes worthless.
There are two kinds of bad debts - business and nonbusiness. A business bad debt,
generally, is one that comes from operating your trade or business and is deductible as a
business loss. All other bad debts are nonbusiness bad debts and are deductible as
short-term capital losses.
Example. An architect made personal loans to several friends who
were not clients. She could not collect on some of these loans. They are deductible only
as nonbusiness bad debts because the architect was not in the business of lending money
and the loans do not have any relationship to her business.
Business bad debts. For information on business bad debts of an
employee, see Publication 529. For information on other business bad debts, see chapter 11
of Publication 535.
Deductible nonbusiness bad debts. To be deductible, nonbusiness bad
debts must be totally worthless. You cannot deduct a partly worthless nonbusiness debt.
Genuine debt required. A debt must be genuine for you to
deduct a loss. A debt is genuine if it arises from a debtor-creditor relationship based on
a valid and enforceable obligation to repay a fixed or determinable sum of money.
Loan or gift. For a
bad debt, you must show that there was an intention at the time of the transaction to make
a loan and not a gift. If you lend money to a relative or friend with the
understanding that it may not be repaid, it is considered a gift and not a loan. You
cannot take a bad debt deduction for a gift. There cannot be a bad debt unless there is a
true creditor-debtor relationship between you and the person or organization that owes you
the money.
When minor children borrow from their parents to pay for their basic needs, there is no
genuine debt. A bad debt cannot be deducted for such a loan.
Basis in bad debt required. To deduct a bad debt, you must
have a basis in it - that is, you must have already included the amount in your income or
loaned out your cash. For example, you cannot claim a bad debt deduction for court-ordered
child support not paid to you by your former spouse. If you are a cash method taxpayer
(most individuals are), you generally cannot take a bad debt deduction for unpaid
salaries, wages, rents, fees, interest, dividends, and similar items.
When deductible. You can take a bad debt deduction only in the year
the debt becomes worthless. You do not have to wait until a debt is due to determine
whether it is worthless. A debt becomes worthless when there is no longer any chance that
the amount owed will be paid.
It is not necessary to go to court if you can show that a judgment from the court would
be uncollectible. You must only show that you have taken reasonable steps to collect the
debt. Bankruptcy of your debtor is generally good evidence of the worthlessness of at
least a part of an unsecured and unpreferred debt.
If your bad debt is the loss of a deposit in a financial institution, see Deposit
in Insolvent or Bankrupt Financial Institution, earlier.
Filing a claim for refund. If you do not deduct a bad debt
on your original return for the year it becomes worthless, you can file a claim for a
credit or refund due to the bad debt. To do this, use Form 1040X to amend your return for
the year the debt became worthless. You must file it within 7 years from the date your
original return for that year had to be filed, or 2 years from the date you paid the tax,
whichever is later. (Claims not due to bad debts or worthless securities generally must be
filed within 3 years from the date a return is filed, or 2 years from the date the tax is
paid.) For more information about filing a claim, see Publication 556, Examination of
Returns, Appeal Rights, and Claims for Refund.
Loan guarantees. If you
guarantee a debt that becomes worthless, you cannot take a bad debt deduction for your
payments on the debt unless you can show either that your reason for making the
guarantee was to protect your investment or that you entered the guarantee transaction
with a profit motive. If you make the guarantee as a favor to friends and do not receive
any consideration in return, your payments are considered a gift and you cannot take a
deduction.
Example 1. Henry Lloyd, an officer and principal shareholder of
the Spruce Corporation, guaranteed payment of a bank loan the corporation received. The
corporation defaulted on the loan and Henry made full payment. Because he guaranteed the
loan to protect his investment in the corporation, Henry can take a nonbusiness bad debt
deduction.
Example 2. Milt and John are co-workers. Milt, as a favor to
John, guarantees a note at their local credit union. John does not pay the note and
declares bankruptcy. Milt pays off the note. However, since he did not enter into the
guarantee agreement to protect an investment or to make a profit, Milt cannot take a bad
debt deduction.
Deductible in year paid. Unless you have rights against the
borrower, discussed next, a payment you make on a loan you guaranteed is deductible in the
year you make the payment.
Rights against the borrower. When you make payment on a
loan that you guaranteed, you may have the right to take the place of the lender (the
right of subrogation). The debt is then owed to you. If you have this right, or some other
right to demand payment from the borrower, you cannot take a bad debt deduction until
these rights become totally worthless.
Debts owed by political parties. You cannot take a nonbusiness bad
debt deduction for any worthless debt owed to you by:
- A political party,
- A national, state, or local committee of a political party, or
- A committee, association, or organization that either accepts contributions or spends
money to influence elections.
Mechanics' and suppliers' liens. Workers and material suppliers may
file liens against property because of debts owed by a builder or contractor. If you pay
off the lien to avoid foreclosure and loss of your property, you are entitled to repayment
from the builder or contractor. If the debt is uncollectible, you can take a bad debt
deduction.
Insolvency of contractor. You can take a bad debt deduction for the
amount you deposit with a contractor if the contractor becomes insolvent and you are
unable to recover your deposit. If the deposit is for work unrelated to your trade or
business, it is a nonbusiness bad debt deduction.
Secondary liability on home mortgage. If the buyer of your home assumes your mortgage, you may remain secondarily
liable for repayment of the mortgage loan. If the buyer defaults on the loan and
the house is then sold for less than the amount outstanding on the mortgage, you may have
to make up the difference. You can take a bad debt deduction for the amount you pay to
satisfy the mortgage, if you cannot collect it from the buyer.
Worthless securities. If you
own securities that become totally worthless, you can take a deduction for a loss, but not
for a bad debt. See Worthless Securities under What Is a Sale or
Trade, earlier in this chapter.
Recovery of a bad debt. If you deducted a bad debt and in a later
tax year you recover (collect) all or part of it, you may have to include the amount you
recover in your gross income. However, you can exclude from gross income the amount
recovered up to the amount of the deduction that did not reduce your tax in the year
deducted. See Recoveries in Publication 525.
How to report bad debts. Deduct
nonbusiness bad debts as short-term capital losses on Schedule D (Form 1040).
In Part I, line 1 of Schedule D, enter the name of the debtor and statement
attached in column (a). Enter the amount of the bad debt in parentheses in column
(f). Use a separate line for each bad debt.
For each bad debt, attach a statement to your return that contains:
- A description of the debt, including the amount, and the date it became due,
- The name of the debtor, and any business or family relationship between you and the
debtor,
- The efforts you made to collect the debt, and
- Why you decided the debt was worthless. For example, you could show that the borrower
has declared bankruptcy, or that legal action to collect would probably not result in
payment of any part of the debt.
S corporation shareholder. If you are a shareholder in an S
corporation, your share of any nonbusiness bad debt will be shown on a schedule attached
to your Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S) that you receive from the corporation.
Short Sales
A short sale occurs when you agree to sell property you do not own
(or own but do not wish to sell). You make this type of sale in two steps.
- You sell short. You borrow property and deliver it to a buyer.
- You close the sale. At a later date, you either buy substantially
identical property and deliver it to the lender or make delivery out of property that you
held at the time of the sale.
You do not realize gain or loss until delivery of property to close the short sale. You
will have a capital gain or loss if the property used to close the short sale is a capital
asset.
Exception if property becomes worthless. A different rule applies if
the property sold short becomes substantially worthless. In that case, you must recognize
gain as if the short sale were closed when the property became substantially worthless.
Exception for constructive sales. Entering into a short sale may
cause you to be treated as having made a constructive sale of property. In that case, you
will have to recognize gain on the date of the constructive sale. For details, see Constructive
Sales of Appreciated Financial Positions, earlier.
Example. On May 1, 2002, you bought 100 shares of Baker
Corporation stock for $1,000. On September 3, 2002, you sold short 100 shares of similar
Baker stock for $1,600. You made no other transactions involving Baker stock for the rest
of 2002 and the first 30 days of 2003. Your short sale is treated as a constructive sale
of an appreciated financial position because a sale of your Baker stock on the date of the
short sale would have resulted in a gain. You recognize a $600 short-term capital gain
from the constructive sale and your new holding period in the Baker stock begins on
September 3.
Short-Term or Long-Term
Capital Gain or Loss
As a general rule, you determine whether you have short-term or long-term capital gain
or loss on a short sale by the amount of time you actually hold the property eventually
delivered to the lender to close the short sale.
Example. Even though you do not own any stock of the Ace
Corporation, you contract to sell 100 shares of it, which you borrow from your broker.
After 13 months, when the price of the stock has risen, you buy 100 shares of Ace
Corporation stock and immediately deliver them to your broker to close out the short sale.
Your loss is a short-term capital loss because your holding period for the delivered
property is less than one day.
Special rules. Special rules may apply to gains and losses from
short sales of stocks, securities, and commodity and securities futures (other than
certain straddles) if you held or acquired property substantially identical property to
that sold short. But if the amount of property you sold short is more than the amount of
that substantially identical property, the special rules do not apply to the gain or loss
on the excess.
Gains and holding period. If you held the substantially
identical property for 1 year or less on the date of the short sale, or if you acquired
the substantially identical property after the short sale and by the date of closing the
short sale, then:
- Rule 1. Your gain, if any, when you close the short sale is a short-term
capital gain, and
- Rule 2. The holding period of the substantially identical property
begins on the date of the closing of the short sale or on the date of the sale of this
property, whichever comes first.
Losses. If, on the date of the short sale, you held
substantially identical property for more than 1 year, any loss you realize on the short
sale is a long-term capital loss, even if you held the property used to close the sale for
1 year or less. Certain losses on short sales of stock or securities are also subject to
wash sale treatment. For information, see Wash Sales, later.
Mixed straddles. Under
certain elections, you can avoid the treatment of loss from a short sale as long term
under the special rule. These elections are for positions that are part of a mixed
straddle. See Other elections under Mixed Straddles, later, for more
information about these elections.
Reporting Substitute Payments
If any broker transferred your securities for use in a short sale, or
similar transaction, and received certain substitute dividend payments on your
behalf while the short sale was open, that broker must give you a Form 1099-MISC or
a similar statement, reporting the amount of these payments. Form 1099-MISC must be used
for those substitute payments totaling $10 or more that are known on the payment's record
date to be in lieu of an exempt-interest dividend, a capital gain dividend, a return of
capital distribution, or a dividend subject to a foreign tax credit, or that are in lieu
of tax-exempt interest. Do not treat these substitute payments as dividends or interest.
Instead, report the substitute payments shown on Form 1099-MISC as Other income
on line 21 of Form 1040.
Substitute payment. A substitute payment means a payment in lieu of:
- Tax-exempt interest (including OID) that has accrued while the short sale was open, and
- A dividend, if the ex-dividend date is after the transfer of stock for use in a short
sale and before the closing of the short sale.
Payments in lieu of dividends If
you borrow stock to make a short sale, you may have to remit to the lender payments in
lieu of the dividends distributed while you maintain your short position. You can
deduct these payments only if you hold the short sale open at least 46 days (more than 1
year in the case of an extraordinary dividend as defined below) and you itemize your
deductions.
You deduct these payments as investment interest on Schedule A (Form 1040). See Interest
Expenses in chapter 3 for more information.
If you close the short sale by the 45th day after the date of the short sale (1 year or
less in the case of an extraordinary dividend), you cannot deduct the payment in lieu of
the dividend that you make to the lender. Instead, you must increase the basis of the
stock used to close the short sale by that amount.
To determine how long a short sale is kept open, do not include any period during which
you hold, have an option to buy, or are under a contractual obligation to buy
substantially identical stock or securities.
If your payment is made for a liquidating distribution or nontaxable stock
distribution, or if you buy more shares equal to a stock distribution issued on the
borrowed stock during your short position, you have a capital expense. You must add the
payment to the cost of the stock sold short.
Exception. If you close the short sale within 45 days, the
deduction for amounts you pay in lieu of dividends will be disallowed only to the extent
the payments are more than the amount that you receive as ordinary income from the lender
of the stock for the use of collateral with the short sale. This exception does not apply
to payments in place of extraordinary dividends.
Extraordinary dividends. If
the amount of any dividend you receive on a share of preferred stock equals or exceeds 5%
(10% in the case of other stock) of the amount realized on the short sale, the
dividend you receive is an extraordinary dividend.
Wash Sales
You cannot deduct losses from sales or trades of stock or securities
in a wash sale.
A wash sale occurs when you sell or trade stock or securities at a loss and within 30
days before or after the sale you:
- Buy substantially identical stock or securities,
- Acquire substantially identical stock or securities in a fully taxable trade, or
- Acquire a contract or option to buy substantially identical stock or securities.
If you sell stock and your spouse or a corporation you control buys substantially
identical stock, you also have a wash sale.
If your loss was disallowed because of the wash sale rules, add the disallowed loss to
the cost of the new stock or securities. The result is your basis in the new stock or
securities. This adjustment postpones the loss deduction until the disposition of the new
stock or securities. Your holding period for the new stock or securities begins on the
same day as the holding period of the stock or securities sold.
Example 1. You buy 100 shares of X stock for $1,000. You sell
these shares for $750 and within 30 days from the sale you buy 100 shares of the same
stock for $800. Because you bought substantially identical stock, you cannot deduct your
loss of $250 on the sale. However, you add the disallowed loss of $250 to the cost of the
new stock, $800, to obtain your basis in the new stock, which is $1,050.
Example 2. You are an employee of a corporation that has an
incentive pay plan. Under this plan, you are given 10 shares of the corporation's stock as
a bonus award. You include the fair market value of the stock in your gross income as
additional pay. You later sell these shares at a loss. If you receive another bonus award
of substantially identical stock within 30 days of the sale, you cannot deduct your loss
on the sale.
Options and futures contracts. The
wash sale rules apply to losses from sales or trades of contracts and options to acquire
or sell stock or securities. They do not apply to losses from sales or trades of
commodity futures contracts and foreign currencies. See Coordination of Loss Deferral
Rules and Wash Sale Rules under Straddles, later, for information about the
tax treatment of losses on the disposition of positions in a straddle.
Losses from the sale, exchange, or termination of a securities future contract to sell
generally are treated in the same manner as losses from the closing of a short sale,
discussed later in this section.
Warrants. The wash sale rules apply if you sell common
stock at a loss and, at the same time, buy warrants for common stock of the same
corporation. But if you sell warrants at a loss and, at the same time, buy common stock in
the same corporation, the wash sale rules apply only if the warrants and stock are
considered substantially identical, as discussed next.
Substantially identical. In determining whether stock or securities
are substantially identical, you must consider all the facts and circumstances in your
particular case. Ordinarily, stocks or securities of one corporation are not considered
substantially identical to stocks or securities of another corporation. However, they may
be substantially identical in some cases. For example, in a reorganization, the stocks and
securities of the predecessor and successor corporations may be substantially identical.
Similarly, bonds or preferred stock of a corporation are not ordinarily considered
substantially identical to the common stock of the same corporation. However, where the
bonds or preferred stock are convertible into common stock of the same corporation, the
relative values, price changes, and other circumstances may make these bonds or preferred
stock and the common stock substantially identical. For example, preferred stock is
substantially identical to the common stock if the preferred stock:
- Is convertible into common stock,
- Has the same voting rights as the common stock,
- Is subject to the same dividend restrictions,
- Trades at prices that do not vary significantly from the conversion ratio, and
- Is unrestricted as to convertibility.
More or less stock bought than sold. If the number of shares of
substantially identical stock or securities you buy within 30 days before or after the
sale is either more or less than the number of shares you sold, you must determine the
particular shares to which the wash sale rules apply. You do this by matching the shares
bought with an equal number of the shares sold. Match the shares bought in the same order
that you bought them, beginning with the first shares bought. The shares or securities so
matched are subject to the wash sale rules.
Example 1. You bought 100 shares of M stock on September 24,
2001, for $5,000. On December 21, 2001, you bought 50 shares of substantially identical
stock for $2,750. On December 28, 2001, you bought 25 shares of substantially identical
stock for $1,125. On January 4, 2002, you sold for $4,000 the 100 shares you bought in
September. You have a $1,000 loss on the sale. However, because you bought 75 shares of
substantially identical stock within 30 days of the sale, you cannot deduct the loss
($750) on 75 shares. You can deduct the loss ($250) on the other 25 shares. The basis of
the 50 shares bought on December 21, 2001, is increased by two-thirds (50 ÷ 75) of the
$750 disallowed loss. The new basis of those shares is $3,250 ($2,750 + $500). The basis
of the 25 shares bought on December 28, 2001, is increased by the rest of the loss to
$1,375 ($1,125 + $250).
Example 2. You bought 100 shares of M stock on September 24,
2001. On February 1, 2002, you sold those shares at a $1,000 loss. On each of the 4 days
from February 12-15, 2002, you bought 50 shares of substantially identical stock. You
cannot deduct your $1,000 loss. You must add half the disallowed loss ($500) to the basis
of the 50 shares bought on February 12. Add the other half ($500) to the basis of the
shares bought on February 13.
Loss and gain on same day. Loss from a wash sale of one block of
stock or securities cannot be used to reduce any gains on identical blocks sold the same
day.
Example. During 1997, you bought 100 shares of X stock on each
of three occasions. You paid $158 a share for the first block of 100 shares, $100 a share
for the second block, and $95 a share for the third block. On December 23, 2002, you sold
300 shares of X stock for $125 a share. On January 6, 2003, you bought 250 shares of
identical X stock. You cannot deduct the loss of $33 a share on the first block because
within 30 days after the date of sale you bought 250 identical shares of X stock. In
addition, you cannot reduce the gain realized on the sale of the second and third blocks
of stock by this loss.
Dealers. The wash sale rules do not apply to a dealer in stock or
securities if the loss is from a transaction made in the ordinary course of business.
Short sales. The wash sale
rules apply to a loss realized on a short sale if you sell, or enter into another short
sale of, substantially identical stock or securities within a period beginning 30
days before the date the short sale is complete and ending 30 days after that date.
For purposes of the wash sale rules, a short sale is considered complete on the date
the short sale is entered into, if:
- On that date, you own stock or securities identical to those sold short (or by that date
you enter into a contract or option to acquire that stock or those securities), and
- You later deliver the stock or securities to close the short sale.
Otherwise, a short sale is not considered complete until the property is delivered to
close the sale.
This treatment also applies to losses from the sale, exchange, or termination of a
securities futures contract to sell.
Example. On June 2, you buy 100 shares of stock for $1,000. You
sell short 100 shares of the stock for $750 on October 6. On October 7, you buy 100 shares
of the same stock for $750. You close the short sale on November 17 by delivering the
shares bought on June 2. You cannot deduct the $250 loss ($1,000 - $750) because the date
of entering into the short sale (October 6) is considered the date the sale is complete
for wash sale purposes and you bought substantially identical stock within 30 days from
that date.
Residual Interests in a REMIC. The
wash sale rules generally will apply to the sale of your residual interest in a real
estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC) if, during the period beginning 6 months
before the sale of the interest and ending 6 months after that sale, you acquire any
residual interest in any REMIC or any interest in a taxable mortgage pool that is
comparable to a residual interest. REMICs are discussed in chapter 1.
How to report. Report a wash
sale or trade on line 1 or line 8 of Schedule D (Form 1040), whichever is appropriate.
Show the full amount of the loss in parentheses in column (f). On the next line, enter Wash
Sale in column (a) and the amount of the loss not allowed as a positive amount in
column (f).
Securities Futures Contracts
A securities futures contract is a contract of sale for future
delivery of a single security or of a narrow-based security index.
Gain or loss from the contract generally will be treated in a manner similar to gain or
loss from transactions in the underlying security. This means gain or loss from the sale,
exchange, or termination of the contract will generally have the same character as gain or
loss from transactions in the property to which the contract relates. Any capital gain or
loss on a sale, exchange, or termination of a contract to sell property will be considered
short-term, regardless of how long you hold the contract. These contracts are not section
1256 contracts (unless they are dealer securities futures contracts).
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