Publication 901
U.S. Tax Treaties
(Revised: 4/2001)

New Zealand

A resident of New Zealand or an individual who was a resident of New Zealand immediately before visiting the United States who is in the United States for full-time education is exempt from U.S. income tax on amounts received from abroad for maintenance or education.

Norway

An individual who is a resident of Norway on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States primarily to study at a university or other recognized educational institution in the United States, obtain professional training, or study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Gifts from abroad for maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States up to $2,000 each tax year.

An individual is entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum of 5 tax years.

An individual who is a resident of Norway on the date of arrival in the United States and who is in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident of Norway is exempt from U.S. income tax for a period of 12 consecutive months on up to $5,000 received for personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that resident of Norway or other than a person related to that resident of Norway, or
2. Study at an educational institution.

Also exempt is a resident of Norway who is present in the United States for not longer than 1 year as a participant in a program sponsored by the Government of the United States primarily to train, research, or study. The individual is exempt from tax on income from personal services performed in the United States and received for the training, research, or study, for a maximum of $10,000.

Pakistan

Residents of Pakistan temporarily in the United States are exempt from U.S. income tax on certain income they may receive. To be entitled to this exemption, they must be in the United States only as students at a recognized university, college, or school, or as recipients of grants, allowances, or awards from religious, charitable, scientific, or educational organizations of Pakistan primarily to study or research. The income exempt in these cases is any payment from abroad for maintenance, education, or training, and any pay for personal services of not more than $5,000 for any tax year.

Other residents of Pakistan who are temporarily in the United States for no more than one year are exempt from U.S. income tax on pay of not more than $6,000 received for that period, including pay from the enterprise or organization of which they are employees or with which they are under contract. To qualify for this exemption, they must be employees of, or under contract with, a Pakistani enterprise or religious, charitable, scientific, or educational organization and be in the United States only to acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that enterprise or organization.

Also exempt from U.S. income tax on certain income are residents of Pakistan temporarily in the United States under an arrangement with the U.S. Government, or any of its agencies or instrumentalities, only for study, training, or orientation. They are exempt from tax on income of not more than $10,000 for services directly related to their training, study, or orientation, including income from their employer abroad.

Philippines

An individual who is a resident of the Philippines on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States primarily to study at a university or other recognized educational institution in the United States, obtain professional training, or study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Gifts from abroad for maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $3,000 each tax year.

An individual is entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum of 5 years.

An individual who is a resident of the Philippines on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident of the Philippines is exempt from U.S. income tax for a period of 12 consecutive months on up to $7,500 received for personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that resident of the Philippines or other than a person related to that resident, or
2. Study at an educational institution.

An individual who is a resident of the Philippines on the date of arrival in the United States, and who is temporarily in the United States (for no more than one year as a participant in a program sponsored by the U.S. Government) primarily to train, research, or study, is exempt from U.S. income tax on income received for personal services for the training, research, or study, up to a maximum of $10,000.

Poland

An individual who is a resident of Poland on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States primarily to study at a university or other recognized educational institution in the United States, obtain professional training, or study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Gifts from abroad for maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Any other payments received from Poland, except income from performing personal services.
4. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $2,000 each tax year.

An individual is entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum of 5 years.

An individual who is a resident of Poland on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident of Poland is exempt from U.S. income tax for one year on up to $5,000 received for personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that resident of Poland or other than a person related to that resident, or
2. Study at an educational institution.

An individual who is a resident of Poland on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States for not longer than one year as a participant in a program sponsored by the U.S. Government primarily to train, research, or study is exempt from U.S. income tax on up to $10,000 of income received for personal services for the training, research, or study.

Portugal

An individual who is a resident of Portugal on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States primarily to study at a university or other accredited educational institution in the United States, obtain professional training, or study, or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Payments from abroad for maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $5,000 each tax year.

An individual is entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum of 5 tax years from the date of arrival in the United States. The benefits provided here and the benefits described earlier under Professors, Teachers, and Researchers cannot be claimed simultaneously or consecutively.

An individual who is a resident of Portugal on the date of arrival in the United States and who is in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident of Portugal is exempt from U.S. income tax for a period of 12 consecutive months on up to $8,000 received for personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that resident of Portugal, or
2. Study at an educational institution.

Romania

An individual who is a resident of Romania on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States primarily to study at a university or other recognized educational institution in the United States, obtain professional training, or study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Gifts from abroad for maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $2,000 each tax year.

An individual is entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum of 5 years.

An individual who is a resident of Romania on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident of Romania is exempt from U.S. income tax for 1 year on up to $5,000 received for personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that resident of Romania or other than a person related to that resident, or
2. Study at an educational institution.

An individual who is a resident of Romania on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States for not longer than 1 year as a participant in a program sponsored by the U.S. Government primarily to train, research, or study is exempt from U.S. income tax on up to $10,000 of income received for personal services for the training, research, or study.

Russia

An individual who is a resident of Russia at the beginning of his or her visit to the United States is exempt from U.S. tax on payments from abroad for maintenance, education, study, research, or training and on any grant, allowance, or other similar payments. To be entitled to the exemption, the individual must be temporarily present in the United States primarily to:

1. Study at a university or other accredited educational institution,
2. Obtain training required to qualify him or her to practice a profession or professional specialty, or,
3. Study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or other similar payments from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization.

The individual is entitled to this exemption only for a period of time necessary to complete the study, training, or research, but the exemption for training or research may not extend for a period exceeding 5 years.

These exemptions do not apply to income from research if it is undertaken primarily for the private benefit of a specific person or persons.

Slovak Republic

An individual who is a resident of the Slovak Republic at the beginning of his or her visit to the United States and who is temporarily present in the United States is exempt from U.S. income tax on certain amounts for a period of up to 5 years. To be entitled to the exemption, the individual must be in the United States for the primary purpose of:

1. Studying at a university or other accredited educational institution in the United States,
2. Obtaining training required to qualify him or her to practice a profession or professional specialty, or
3. Studying or doing research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization.

If the individual meets any of these requirements, the following amounts are exempt from U.S. tax.

1. The payments from abroad, other than compensation for personal services, for the purpose of maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. The income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $5,000 for the tax year.

An individual who is a Slovak resident at the beginning of the visit to the United States and who is temporarily present in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a Slovak resident is exempt from U.S. income tax for a period of 12 consecutive months on up to $8,000 received from personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than the Slovak resident, or
2. Study at a university or other accredited educational institution in the United States.

An individual who is a Slovak resident at the time he or she becomes temporarily present in the United States and who is temporarily present in the United States for a period not longer than 1 year as a participant in a program sponsored by the U.S. government for the primary purpose of training, research, or study, is exempt from U.S. income tax on up to $10,000 of income from personal services for that training, research, or study.

These exemptions do not apply to income from research undertaken primarily for the private benefit of a specific person or persons.

South Africa

A student, apprentice, or business trainee who is a resident of South Africa immediately before visiting the United States and is in the United States for the purpose of full-time education or training is exempt from U.S. income tax on amounts received from sources outside the United States for the individual's maintenance, education, or training.

Apprentices and business trainees are entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum period of one year.

Spain

An individual who is a resident of Spain at the beginning of the visit to the United States and who is temporarily in the United States primarily to study at a U.S. university or other accredited educational institution, to obtain training to become qualified to practice a profession or professional specialty, or to study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Payments from abroad (other than compensation for personal services) for maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $5,000 for each tax year.

An individual is entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum of 5 years.

An individual who is a resident of Spain at the beginning of the visit to the United States and is temporarily in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident of Spain is exempt from U.S. income tax for a period of 12 consecutive months on up to $8,000 received for personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that Spanish resident, or
2. Study at a university or other accredited educational institution in the United States.

Both the $5,000 and $8,000 exemptions include any amount excluded or exempted from tax under U.S. tax law.

These exemptions do not apply to income from research carried on mainly for the private benefit of any person rather than in the public interest.

Sweden

A student, apprentice, or business trainee who is a resident of Sweden immediately before visiting the United States and is in the United States for the purpose of full-time education or training is exempt from U.S. tax on amounts received from sources outside the United States for the individual's maintenance, education, and training.

Switzerland

A student, apprentice, or business trainee who is a resident of Switzerland immediately before visiting the United States and is in the United States for the purpose of full-time education or training is exempt from U.S. income tax on amounts received from sources outside the United States for the individual's maintenance, education, or training.

Thailand

An individual who is a resident of Thailand at the beginning of his or her visit to the United States and who is temporarily present in the United States is exempt from U.S. income tax on certain amounts for a period of up to 5 years. To be entitled to the exemption, the individual must be in the United States for the primary purpose of:

1. Studying at a university or other recognized educational institution in the United States,
2. Obtaining training required to qualify him or her to practice a profession or professional specialty, or
3. Studying or doing research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization.

If the individual meets any of these requirements, the following amounts are exempt from U.S. tax.

1. Gifts from abroad for the purpose of maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $3,000 for the tax year.

An individual who is a resident of Thailand at the beginning of the visit to the United States and who is temporarily present in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident of Thailand is exempt from U.S. income tax for a period of 12 consecutive months on up to $7,500 received from personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than the Thai resident, or
2. Study at a university or other recognized educational institution in the United States.

An individual who is a resident of Thailand at the time he or she becomes temporarily present in the United States and who is temporarily present in the United States for a period not longer than 1 year as a participant in a program sponsored by the U.S. government for the primary purpose of training, research, or study, is exempt from U.S. income tax on up to $10,000 of income from personal services for that training, research, or study.

Trinidad and Tobago

An individual who is a resident of Trinidad and Tobago on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States primarily to study at a university or other accredited educational institution in the United States, obtain professional training, or study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Gifts from abroad for maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $2,000 each tax year, or, if the individual is obtaining training required to qualify to practice a profession or a professional specialty, a maximum of $5,000 for any tax year.

An individual is entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum period of 5 tax years.

An individual who is a resident of Trinidad and Tobago on the date of arrival in the United States and who is in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident or corporation of Trinidad and Tobago is exempt from U.S. income tax for 1 tax year on up to $5,000 received for personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Study at an educational institution, or
2. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that resident or corporation of Trinidad and Tobago.

Also exempt is a resident of Trinidad and Tobago who is present in the United States for not longer than one year as a participant in a program sponsored by the U.S. Government primarily to train, research, or study. The individual is exempt from tax on income from personal services performed in the United States and received for the training, research, or study for up to a maximum of $10,000.

Tunisia

An individual who is a resident of Tunisia immediately before visiting the United States and who is in the United States for full-time study or training is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Payments from abroad for full-time study or training.
2. A grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization to study or engage in research.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $4,000 in any tax year.

The individual is entitled to this exemption for a maximum of 5 years.

Turkey

A student, apprentice, or business trainee who is a resident of Turkey immediately before visiting the United States and is in the United States for the purpose of full-time education or training is exempt from U.S. income tax on amounts received from sources outside the United States for the individual's maintenance, education, or training.

Ukraine

Note:    See the effective dates of the new treaty under Important Changes at the beginning of this publication. For information on the old provisions, see Commonwealth of Independent States.

An individual who is a resident of Ukraine at the beginning of his or her visit to the United States is exempt from U.S. tax on payments from abroad for maintenance, education, study, research, or training and on any grant, allowance, or other similar payments. To be entitled to the exemption, the individual must be temporarily present in the United States primarily to:

1. Study at a university or other accredited educational institution,
2. Obtain training required to qualify him or her to practice a profession or professional specialty, or,
3. Study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or other similar payments from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization.

The individual is entitled to this exemption only for a period of time necessary to complete the study, training, or research, but the exemption for training or research may not extend for a period exceeding 5 years.

These exemptions do not apply to income from research if it is undertaken primarily for the private benefit of a specific person or persons.

United Kingdom

A student or business apprentice who is a resident of the United Kingdom at the time of arrival in the United States and who is receiving full-time education or training in the United States is exempt from U.S. income tax on payments received from abroad for maintenance, education, or training.

Venezuela

An individual who is a resident of Venezuela on the date of arrival in the United States and who is temporarily in the United States primarily to study at a university or other recognized educational institution in the United States, obtain professional training, or study or do research as a recipient of a grant, allowance, or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational organization is exempt from U.S. income tax on the following amounts.

1. Payments from abroad, other than compensation for personal services, for maintenance, education, study, research, or training.
2. The grant, allowance, or award.
3. Income from personal services performed in the United States of up to $5,000 for each tax year.

An individual is generally entitled to the benefit of this exemption for a maximum of 5 years from the date of arrival in the United States. This exemption will also apply to any additional period of time that a full-time student needs to complete the educational requirements as a candidate for a postgraduate or professional degree from a recognized educational institution.

An individual who is a resident of Venezuela on the date of arrival in the United States and who is in the United States as an employee of, or under contract with, a resident of Venezuela is exempt from U.S. income tax for a period of 12 months on up to $8,000 received for personal services if the individual is in the United States primarily to:

1. Acquire technical, professional, or business experience from a person other than that resident of Venezuela, or
2. Study at an educational institution.

These provisions do not apply to income from research carried on mainly for the private benefit of any person rather than in the public interest.

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