Valuation of Various
Kinds of Property
This section contains information on determining the FMV of
ordinary kinds of donated property. For information on appraisals, see Appraisals, later.
Household Goods
The FMV of used household goods, such as furniture, appliances, and
linens, is usually much lower than the price paid when new. Such used property may have
little or no market value because of its worn condition. It may be out of style or no
longer useful.
If the property is valuable because it is old or unique, see the discussion under Paintings,
Antiques, and Other Objects of Art.
Used Clothing
Used clothing and other personal items are usually worth far less
than the price you paid for them. Valuation of items of clothing does not lend itself to
fixed formulas or methods.
The price that buyers of used items actually pay in used clothing stores, such as
consignment or thrift shops, is an indication of the value.
For valuable furs or very expensive gowns, an appraisal summary may have to be sent
with your tax return.
Jewelry and Gems
Jewelry and gems are of such a specialized nature that it is almost
always necessary to get an appraisal by a specialized jewelry appraiser. The appraisal
should describe, among other things, the style of the jewelry, the cut and setting of the
gem, and whether it is now in fashion. If not in fashion, the possibility of having the
property redesigned, recut, or reset should be reported in the appraisal. The stone's
coloring, weight, cut, brilliance, and flaws should be reported and analyzed. Sentimental
personal value has no effect on FMV. But if the jewelry was owned by a famous person, its
value might increase.
Paintings, Antiques,
and Other Objects of Art
Your deduction for contributions of paintings, antiques, and other
objects of art, should be supported by a written appraisal from a qualified and reputable
source, unless the deduction is $5,000 or less. Examples of information that should be
included in appraisals of art objects - paintings in particular - are found later under Qualified
Appraisal.
Art valued at $20,000 or more. If you claim a
deduction of $20,000 or more for donations of art, you must attach a complete copy
of the signed appraisal to your return. For individual objects valued at $20,000 or more,
a photograph of a size and quality fully showing the object, preferably an 8 x 10 inch
color photograph or a color transparency no smaller than 4 x 5 inches, must be provided
upon request.
Art valued at $50,000 or more. If you donate an
item of art that has been appraised at $50,000 or more, you can request a Statement
of Value for that item from the IRS. You must request the statement before filing
the tax return that reports the donation. Your request must include the following:
- A copy of a qualified appraisal of the item (see Qualified Appraisal, later.)
- A $2,500 check or money order payable to the Internal Revenue Service for the user fee
that applies to your request regarding one, two, or three items of art (add $250 for each
item in excess of three).
- A completed appraisal summary (Section B of Form 8283, Noncash Charitable
Contributions.)
- The location of the IRS District Office that has examination responsibility for your
area.
If your request lacks essential information, you will be notified and given 30 days to
provide the missing information.
Refunds. You can withdraw your request for a Statement of
Value at any time before it is issued. However, the IRS will not refund the user fee if
you do.
If the IRS declines to issue a Statement of Value in the interest of efficient tax
administration, the IRS will refund the user fee.
Authenticity. The authenticity of the donated art must be
determined by the appraiser. Certificates of authenticity may be useful, but this depends
on the genuineness of the certificate and the qualifications of the authenticator.
Physical condition. Important items in the valuation of antiques
and art are physical condition and extent of restoration. These have a significant effect
on the value and must be fully reported in an appraisal. An antique in damaged condition,
or lacking the original brasses, may be worth much less than a similar piece in
excellent condition.
Art appraisers. More weight will usually be given to an appraisal
prepared by an individual specializing in the kind and price range of the art being
appraised. Certain art dealers or appraisers specialize, for example, in old masters,
modern art, bronze sculpture, etc. Their opinions on the authenticity and desirability of
such art would usually be given more weight than the opinions of more generalized art
dealers or appraisers. They can report more recent comparable sales to support their
opinion.
To identify and locate experts on unique, specialized items or collections, you may
wish to use the current Official Museum Directory of the American Association of
Museums. It lists museums both by state and by category.
To help you locate a qualified appraiser for your donation, you may wish to ask an art
historian at a nearby college or the director or curator of a local museum. The Yellow
Pages often list specialized art and antique dealers, auctioneers, and art appraisers. You
may also contact associations of dealers for guidance.
Collections
Since many kinds of hobby collections may be the subject of a
charitable donation, it is not possible to discuss all of the possible collectibles in
this publication. Most common are rare books, autographs, manuscripts, stamps, coins,
guns, phonograph records, and natural history items. Many of the elements of valuation
that apply to paintings and other objects of art, discussed earlier, also apply to
miscellaneous collections.
Reference material. Publications available to help you determine
the value of many kinds of collections include catalogs, dealers' price lists, and
specialized hobby periodicals. When using one of these price guides, you must use the
current edition at the date of contribution. However, these sources are not always
reliable indicators of FMV and should be supported by other evidence.
For example, a dealer may sell an item for much less than is shown on a price list,
particularly after the item has remained unsold for a long time. The price an item sold
for in an auction may have been the result of a rigged sale or a mere bidding duel. The
appraiser must analyze the reference material, and recognize and make adjustments for
misleading entries. If you are donating a valuable collection, you should get an
appraisal. If your donation appears to be of little value, you may be able to make a
satisfactory valuation using reference materials available at a state, city, college, or
museum library.
Stamp collections. Most libraries have catalogs or
other books that report the publisher's estimate of values. Generally, two price
levels are shown for each stamp: the price postmarked and the price not postmarked. Stamp
dealers generally know the value of their merchandise and are able to prepare satisfactory
appraisals of valuable collections.
Coin collections. Many catalogs and other
reference materials show the writer's or publisher's opinion of the value of coins
on or near the date of the publication. Like many other collectors' items, the value of a
coin depends on the demand for it, its age, and its rarity. Another important factor is
the coin's condition. For example, there is a great difference in the value of a coin that
is in mint condition and a similar coin that is only in good condition.
Catalogs usually establish a category for coins, based on their physical condition -
mint or uncirculated, extremely fine, very fine, fine, very good, good, fair, or poor -
with a different valuation for each category.
Books. The value of books is usually determined by
selecting comparable sales and adjusting the prices according to the differences
between the comparable sales and the item being evaluated. This is difficult to do and,
except for a collection of little value, should be done by a specialized appraiser. Within
the general category of literary property, there are dealers who specialize in certain
areas, such as Americana, foreign imports, Bibles, and scientific books.
Modest value of collection. If the collection you are
donating is of modest value, not requiring a written appraisal, the following information
may help you in determining the FMV.
A book that is very old, or very rare, is not necessarily valuable. There are many
books that are very old or rare, but that have little or no market value.
Condition of book. The condition of a book may have a
great influence on its value. Collectors are interested in items that are in fine, or at
least good, condition. When a book has a missing page, a loose binding, tears, stains, or
is otherwise in poor condition, its value is greatly lowered.
Other factors. Some other factors in the valuation of a
book are the kind of binding (leather, cloth, paper), page edges, and illustrations
(drawings and photographs). Collectors usually want first editions of books. However,
because of changes or additions, other editions are sometimes worth as much as, or more
than, the first edition.
Manuscripts, autographs, diaries, and similar items. When these
items are handwritten, or at least signed by famous people, they are often in demand and
are valuable. The writings of unknowns also may be of value if they are of unusual
historical or literary importance. Determining the value of such material is difficult.
For example, there may be a great difference in value between two diaries that were kept
by a famous person - one kept during childhood and the other during a later period in his
or her life. The appraiser determines a value in these cases by applying knowledge and
judgment to such factors as comparable sales and conditions.
Signatures. Signatures, or sets of signatures, that were cut from
letters or other papers usually have little or no value. But complete sets of the
signatures of U.S. presidents are in demand.
Cars, Boats, and Aircraft
If you donate a car, a boat, or an aircraft to a charitable
organization, its FMV must be determined.
Certain commercial firms and trade organizations publish monthly or seasonal guides for
different regions of the country, containing complete dealer sale prices or dealer-average
prices for recent model years. Prices are reported for each make, model, and year of used
car, aircraft, truck, recreational vehicle, and boat. These guides also provide estimates
for adjusting for unusual equipment, unusual mileage, and physical condition. The prices
are not official, and these publications are not considered an appraisal of any
specific donated property. But they do provide clues for making an appraisal and suggest
relative prices for comparison with current sales and offerings in your area.
These publications are sometimes available at a bank, credit union, or finance company.
Except for inexpensive small boats, the valuation of boats should be based on an
appraisal by a marine surveyor because the physical condition is so critical to the value.
Example. You donate your car to a local high school for use by
students studying automobile repair. Your credit union told you that the blue book
value of a car like yours is $1,600 in good condition. However, your car needs extensive
repairs. After checking with repair shops and used car dealers, you find that the car
should sell for $750. You may use $750 as the FMV of the car.
Inventory
If you donate any inventory item to a charitable organization, the
amount of your deductible contribution is the FMV of the item, less any gain you would
have realized if you had sold the item at its FMV on the date of the gift. For more
information, see Charitable contributions in Chapter 16 of Publication 535, Business
Expenses.
Stocks and Bonds
The value of stocks and bonds is the FMV of a share or bond on the
valuation date. See Date of contribution, earlier, under What Is Fair Market
Value (FMV)?
Selling prices on valuation date. If there is an active market for
the contributed stocks or bonds on a stock exchange, in an over-the-counter market, or
elsewhere, the FMV of each share or bond is the average price between the highest and
lowest quoted selling prices on the valuation date. For example, if the highest selling
price for a share was $11, and the lowest $9, the average price is $10. You get the
average price by adding $11 and $9 and dividing the sum by 2.
No sales on valuation date. If there were no sales on the
valuation date, but there were sales within a reasonable period before and after the
valuation date, you determine FMV by taking the average price between the highest and
lowest sales prices on the nearest date before and on the nearest date after the valuation
date. Then you weight these averages in inverse order by the respective
number of trading days between the selling dates and the valuation date.
Example. On the day you gave stock to a qualified
organization, there were no sales of the stock. Sales of the stock nearest the valuation
date took place two trading days before the valuation date at an average selling price of
$10 and three trading days after the valuation date at an average selling price of $15.
The FMV on the valuation date was $12, figured as follows: [(3 x $10) + (2 x
$15)] ÷ 5 = 12
Listings on more than one stock exchange. Stocks or bonds
listed on more than one stock exchange are valued based on the prices of the exchange on
which they are principally dealt. This applies if these prices are published in a
generally available listing or publication of general circulation. If this is not
applicable, and the stocks or bonds are reported on a composite listing of combined
exchanges in a publication of general circulation, use the composite list. See also Unavailable
prices or closely held corporation, later.
Bid and asked prices on valuation date. If there were no sales
within a reasonable period before and after the valuation date, the FMV is the average
price between the bona fide bid and asked prices on the valuation date.
Example. Although there were no sales of Blue Corporation stock
on the valuation date, bona fide bid and asked prices were available on that date of $14
and $16, respectively. The FMV is $15, the average price between the bid and asked prices.
No prices on valuation date. If there were no prices
available on the valuation date, you determine FMV by taking the average prices between
the bona fide bid and asked prices on the closest trading date before and after the
valuation date. Both dates must be within a reasonable period. Then you weight these
averages in inverse order by the respective number of trading days between
the bid and asked dates and the valuation date.
Prices only before or after valuation date, but not both. If no
selling prices or bona fide bid and asked prices are available on a date within a
reasonable period before the valuation date, but are available on a date within a
reasonable period after the valuation date, or vice versa, then the average price between
the highest and lowest of such available prices may be treated as the value.
Large blocks of stock. When a large block of stock is put on the
market, it may lower the selling price of the stock if the supply is greater than the
demand. On the other hand, market forces may exist that will afford higher prices for
large blocks of stock. Because of the many factors to be considered, determining the value
of large blocks of stock usually requires the help of experts specializing in underwriting
large quantities of securities, or in trading in the securities of the industry of which
the particular company is a part.
Unavailable prices or closely held corporation. If selling prices
or bid and asked prices are not available, or if securities of a closely held corporation
are involved, determine the FMV by considering the following factors:
- For bonds, the soundness of the security, the interest yield, the date of maturity, and
other relevant factors.
- For shares of stock, the company's net worth, prospective earning power and
dividend-paying capacity, and other relevant factors.
Other factors. Other relevant factors include the goodwill
of the business, the economic outlook in the particular industry, the company's position
in the industry and its management, and the value of securities of corporations engaged in
the same or similar business. For preferred stock, the most important factors are its
yield, dividend coverage, and protection of its liquidation preference.
You should keep complete financial and other information on which the valuation is
based. This includes copies of reports of examinations of the company made by accountants,
engineers, or any technical experts on or close to the valuation date.
Restricted securities. Some classes of stock cannot be traded
publicly because of restrictions imposed by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or by
the corporate charter or a trust agreement. These restricted securities usually trade at a
discount in relation to freely traded securities.
To arrive at the FMV of restricted securities, factors that you must consider include
the resale provisions found in the restriction agreements, the relative negotiating
strengths of the buyer and seller, and the market experience of freely traded securities
of the same class as the restricted securities.
Real Estate
Because each piece of real estate is unique and its valuation is
complicated, a detailed appraisal by a professional appraiser is necessary.
The appraiser must be thoroughly trained in the application of appraisal principles and
theory. In some instances the opinions of equally qualified appraisers may carry unequal
weight, such as when one appraiser has a better knowledge of local conditions.
The appraisal report must contain a complete description of the property, such as
street address, legal description, and lot and block number, as well as physical features,
condition, and dimensions. The use to which the property is put, zoning and permitted
uses, and its potential use for other higher and better uses are also relevant.
In general, there are three main approaches to the valuation of real estate. An
appraisal may require the combined use of two or three methods rather than one method
only.
1. Comparable Sales
The comparable sales method compares the donated property with several similar
properties that have been sold. The selling prices, after adjustments for differences in
date of sale, size, condition, and location, would then indicate the estimated FMV of the
donated property.
If the comparable sales method is used to determine the value of unimproved real
property (land without significant buildings, structures, or any other
improvements that add to its value), the appraiser should consider the following factors
when comparing the potential comparable property and the donated property:
- Location, size, and zoning or use restrictions,
- Accessibility and road frontage, and available utilities and water rights,
- Riparian rights (right of access to and use of the water by owners of land on the bank
of a river) and existing easements, rights-of-way, leases, etc.,
- Soil characteristics, vegetative cover, and status of mineral rights, and
- Other factors affecting value.
For each comparable sale, the appraisal must include the names of the buyer and seller,
the deed book and page number, the date of sale and selling price, a property description,
the amount and terms of mortgages, property surveys, the assessed value, the tax rate, and
the assessor's appraised FMV.
The comparable selling prices must be adjusted to account for differences between the
sale property and the donated property. Because differences of opinion may arise between
appraisers as to the degree of comparability and the amount of the adjustment considered
necessary for comparison purposes, an appraiser should document each item of adjustment.
Only comparable sales having the least adjustments in terms of items and/or total
dollar adjustments should be considered as comparable to the donated property.
2. Capitalization of Income
This method capitalizes the net income from the property at a rate that represents a
fair return on the particular investment at the particular time, considering the risks
involved. The key elements are the determination of the income to be capitalized and the
rate of capitalization.
3. Replacement Cost New or
Reproduction Cost Minus
Observed Depreciation
This method, used alone, usually does not result in a determination of FMV. Instead, it
generally tends to set the upper limit of value, particularly in periods of rising costs,
because it is reasonable to assume that an informed buyer will not pay more for the real
estate than it would cost to reproduce a similar property. Of course, this reasoning does
not apply if a similar property cannot be created because of location, unusual
construction, or some other reason. Generally, this method serves to support the value
determined from other methods. When the replacement cost method is applied to improved
realty, the land and improvements are valued separately.
The replacement cost of a building is figured by considering the materials, the quality
of workmanship, and the number of square feet or cubic feet in the building. This cost
represents the total cost of labor and material, overhead, and profit. After the
replacement cost has been figured, consideration must be given to the following factors:
- Physical deterioration - the wear and tear on the building itself,
- Functional obsolescence - usually in older buildings with, for example, inadequate
lighting, plumbing, or heating, small rooms, or a poor floor plan, and
- Economic obsolescence - outside forces causing the whole area to become less desirable.
- Continue - |
